What is Migraine?

What is Migraine?

Migraine is a very special variety of "sick headache" and requires special treatment under medical supervision. There are different forms of migraine, but there is a difinite pattern underlying all. An attack of migraine starts with some alteration of vision, followed by a well localised severe headache which may end in nausea and vomiting. The whole thing is caused by a poorly understood disorder of the blood vessels. There are special drungs, mostly derivatives of ergot, which are effective, especially if used when the first signs of an attack appear. Although there is a direct physical cause for an attack, it is also certain that some of the trouble is psychological tenseness. People with migraine are often rather anxious, striving and perfectionist. A psychological treatment helping the patient to cope up with his personal problem could mitigate migraine.

The combination of a new drug and a push-button autoinjector device has led to faster relief for migraine sufferers. A London-based pharmaceutical group has eased the pain for sufferers with a device that is simply held to the skin and, at the touch of a button, administers a shot of a novel Imigran drug. When Imigran is administered this way, it provides relief within ten minutes, and the symptoms are completely eliminated within two hours. The autoinjector is specially designed for Imigran by migraineurs; the whole container is a little larger than a pack of cards, and the injector iteself is the size of an average felt-tip marker pen. Another cardinal feature is that the syrinage and needle are hidden from view throughout the operation.

Birth of Television?__

Who first made the television?

In April 1925, a small, rather unkempt young man sat on a stand in a London departmental store, tinkering with an outlandish piece of apparatus which comprised a tea chest, an empty biscuit box and several hat boxes, darning needles, bicycle lamp lenses, valves, discarded electric motors, piano wire, glue, string and sealing wax. He was John Logie Baird, the inventor of television, who had been engaged by the store owner Gordon Selfridge to spend three weeks conducting his experiments in public. Shoppers who paused to watch this novel attraction of the archetype inventor at work were invited to peer through a frame at a distinct image of the letter H flickering on a tiny screen. They did not know it, but those shoppers were the world's first television viewers. Baird's technical developments and the parallel research that was going on in America are part of history. Amateurs in both America and Britain were already making their own crude receivers when in July 1928, the Daven Corporation of Newark, New Jersey, advertised the first commercially produced television set for sale. Station WGY had already begun transmitting an experimental service of three half-hour programmes a week in May to watchers in Schenectady, New York. On September 11, 1928, the first television play was presented. The following year Baird began an experimental service in London, for which Televisors, as they were called, were available at 25 guineas. The screen was only the size of a cigarette card, but could be enlarged to postcard size with a magnifier.

High Court Judge?___

Who appoints the judges of the High Court?

The Chief Justice and other judges are appointed by the President in consultation with Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the State concerned. In case of appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned must also be consulted. The Constitution does not indicate whether the President should be bound by the consultations and suggestion from all those mentioned above.

Civil Services Main Exam_Public Administration--By V.P. GUPTA, Director, RAU's IAS Study Circle, New Delhi

PAPER-WISE ACTION PLAN
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Paper I starts with the meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration along with topics on evolution and various approaches. It is of great importance that the candidate should grasp the 'Meaning' of Public Administration in terms of its various dimensions. The various approaches and stages of evolution should be studied in detail and for overall comprehension as this unit provides the framework to Public Administration in terms of syllabus and as a discipline.

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The candidate should write summary of each sub-unit along with (P.T.R.) Points to remember. As the questions asked are generally opinion-based and are not very objective in nature it is important for the candidate to understand the concepts to such an extent that he can articulate well on the issues.

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The unit on Principles and Theories of Organization should be clubbed with the Unit on Administrative Behaviour. Both of the units are drawn from management and books especially related to that are very useful. This units are very important as the organization used for any administration and the various practices come from this knowledge only.

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The sub-units provide a conceptual framwork of the organization and its functioning. Candidates should give sufficient emphasis to the various theories mentioned and also on various management techniques. The study of Administrative Behavious should be done for understanding the various aspects, approaches and applications to various issues of Indian Administration. For instance a question on motivation or leadership theory can always be linked with Civil Services in India or development administration in India etc.

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This section also includes typologies of executive and types of organizations available with the executive. This is an area where a footing polity helps, as the candidate should have an understanding of various typologies, e.g. Presidential/Parliamentary form of the Government. The merits and limitations of both should be studied on comparative basis. Similarity, in the case of types of organizations a candidate should be ready with purpose, advantages and limitations of different forms of organizations, viz., department, corporation, coulcil etc. Here the candidate should definitely give illustrations from the Indian Administration. Further while studying this unit a candidate should also go through central administration in India covered in Paper II, Section A.

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Unit on Accountability & Control has to be seen in the context of conceptual and philosophical premises of accountability. The candidate should appreciate the significance of accountability especially when you are operating in the public settings. Various controls should be studied with reference to Indian Administration though some references from administration in the USA, UK and France may also be useful. Further, an understanding of citizens' role and relationship with administration will be very useful. As the nature of questions asked is more and more pragmatic, very high probability is there that the citizen's role under this unit or in some other unit is discussed.

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Adminstrative Law is a very useful unit for the purpose of Main Exam as here more or less the questions can have standard answers. So it is very helpful to prepare standard notes on rationale of Administrative Law vis-a-vis Rules of Law. The candidate should be very clear in terms of bringing its relevance to the surface. Delegated Legislation and Administrative Adjudication similarly should be prepared with notes in terms of rationale, limitations and safeguards. Referrence to the Indian Administration is a must here.

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In the next section of this paper the candidate should be well aware of concepts underlying Administrative Reforms and Organisation and Methods. The candidate should reforms and also of the various committees that have been set up in India in this regard. Though majorly the focus should be on post-Independence measures, an awareness of pre-Independence in some cases may be helpful. The concept of O & M and its status in the country should be understood. On the O & M section a technical question may also be asked.

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Units on Comparative Administration should be clubbed with Development Administration. Riggs should be studied comprehensively for both of the units. Development Administration apart from the philosophical basis should be seen in Indian context only.

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Candidate should develop an appreciation of significance of CPA (Comparative Public Administration) as well as of Development Administration. In development administration students should specifically understand the concept of 'Change' and the problems in case of India related to change management.

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Public Policy in terms of Mains is a rewarding unit. It should be seen in terms of various public models and in terms of its various constituents. Indian context is must while answering this unit.

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Personnel Administration has lot of conceptual background in respect of Personnel Management. A book on the same will be helpful. It is important that this unit is clubbed with Paper II Unit 'Civil Services in India'.....