The Art Of Giving And Receiving_ PETER JONES

As the Governor of the Bank of England wades into the fray, it does not seem too much to ask of bankers to make it clear that they are spending a portion of their bonuses on the Big Society.  Those who already are must overcome their modestry and let us know about it.

***

Euergesia - "benefaction, philanthropy" - was a virtue of the well-born Greek.  Many inscriptions and statues, erected by the euergetist to himself or by a grateful people, attest the practice.  The culture spread to Rome.  Over 11 years, Pliny the Younger spent two million sesterces on his home town in benefactions.

***

Discussion about the theory of giving was intense.  In general, euergetism was personal and reciprocal: it served the interests of the giver - everything from patriotic display to political self-advancement - as well as that of the recipient.  But in fifth-century B.C.  Athens, radical democrats thought a lavish benefactor might be seeking political advantage.  So they invented the leitourgia (out "liturgy"), under which the 300 richest citizens in any years were ordered to subsidise state activities.  Greeks then started to argue that the generous man did not look for a return.  But this meant that, if one was done a good turn, one should refuse on principle to respond.  If so, did this make receiving the benefit a nuisance?  Some argued it did.  To get out of this bind, the Roman Stoic Seneca defined a beneficium as "an action which gives pleasure and finds pleasure in so doing, from a natural and spontaneous inclination".  Seneca does agree that "everyone who serves another has thereby served his own advantage" but goes on to insist that the advantage consists not in what one gets back, but from the fact that all virtue is its own reward.  Aristotle by contrast drew an analogy with the artist, who rejoices in something he has created.

***

A famous Greek benefactor, T. Claudius Atticus, offered to hand over his vast fortune to the emperor Nerva.  "Keep it", said Nerva, "and use it well".  Come on, you bankers, do the same: prove you are a load of euergetists.  You can start with launch of www.classicsforall.org.uk.... By arrangement with the Spectator...

The Blood Patriot... Shankar Roychowdhury

"Ittehad, Itmad, Qurbani" (Unity, faith, sacrifice) _ Motto of the Azad Hind Fauj (The National Army)

The 114th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose - recently commemorated on January 23, 2011  - is an appropriate occasion to remember him and the Azad Hindu Fauj.  On this occasion, the government of West Bengal declared that the day would henceforth be observed as Deshprem Diwas, or Patriotism Day.  The implied paradox that patriotism could be reduced to an annual one-day event seemed to escape notice.  If patriotism is not to be the last refuge of the scoundrel, it has to be a full-time job, without weekends or holidays.

***

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a patriot, perhaps one of the greatest freedom fighters India's struggle for independence has produced.  He remains an unblemished and unchallenged icon for a cynical, disillusioned generation in search for role models.  On the international stage, Netaji keeps company in the pantheon of soldier heroes like Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Ho Chi Minh, an aspect downplayed in India, especially by the ahimsa establishment, whose votaries claimed exclusive credit for non-violence for bringing Independence to this country.

***

There have always been murmurings of an unspoken conspiracy of silence to keep Netaji at a profile lower than the "conformist" freedom fighters.  Earlier, the Indian Left had reviled Netaji during the 1940s as an Indian Quisling, heaping opprobrium upon him for collaborating with the Axis powers against their beloved spiritual homeland, the Soviet Union.  The Indian National Congress - India's Grand Old Party dominated by the Nehru-Gandhi duopoly - viewed Bose as a threat to the establishment and successfully manipulated his exit from the organisational hierarchy.

***

Now, over the past few years, the very same political class which had earlier denigrated him or sought to sideline him is scrambling to retrace steps and re-appropriate Netaji for their political agendas, especially as the next Assembly elections in West Bengal looms closer.  Those who had done their best to consign him to oblivion after Independence, have now rediscovered his electoral weightage and are strenuously attempting to reconfigure Netaji as one of their own.

***

Netaji's greatest achievement was the revival and revitalisation of the Indian National Army (INA) after the initial pioneering effort in 1941 by Capt. Mohan Singh failed to fructify.  Under his inspirational leadership the INA  became India's Mukti Bahini, seeking to confront the country's colonial overlords militarily for the first time since the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857.  "Chalo Dilli" was no street slogan for political processions, but a proclamation of grand strategic intent, though achievement of the objective had all the prospects of a hard long war.

***

West Bengal has appropriated Netaji as its own illustrious son, though his birth place and initial education were in Orissa and the INA  has created had few, if any, exclusive linkages with Bengal, except in individual capacities.  The INA recruited extensively amongst the Indian diaspora in what is today Southeast Asia, but their core fighting strength was fashioned out of the wreckage of the British-Indian infantry battalions incarcerated in Japanese prison camps after debacles in Hong Kong, Malaya and the retreat from Burma.  These included illustrious entities like 1/14 Punjab (now 5 Punjab of Pakistan Army), and 2/17 Dogra and 2/18 Garhwal Rifles, both adorning the post-Independence Indian Arm.  These were trained professional infantry and there was thus a strong leavening of the traditional British martial classes in the INA.  But they were totally intermixed into what today's class-regimentalised Indian Army would designate as "all India, all class" units, while the Bahadur Group of the INA  commanded by Col. Shaukat Hayat Malik can lay strong claims to be the earliest ancestor of the special forces in the Indian Army, the Navy and the Air Force.

***

The initial offensive of the INA was incorporated into Operation U-Go launched by the Japanese 15th Army under Gen. Renya Mutaguchi in 1944 in the Imphal-Kohima region on the Indo-Burmese border.  From this liberated zone inside India the INA planned to revert to a guerrilla mode and infiltrate into the strategic depths of India's eastern region in Assam and Bengal, to build up a low-intensity campaign in the interior exploiting anti-British sentiment fanned by the Great Bengal Famine raging at the time, while the Japanese hammered won the front door.  The ultimate outcome for India if Japan had emerged victorious can only be speculated on, but the history of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere which Japan sought to establish in Asia does not make, for comforting reading.

***

The post-Independence Indian Army is the spiritual and temporal heir of two armies - the British Indian Army and the Indian National Army.  From the former, it has imbibed almost every aspect of its functioning, mannerisms and attitudes; from the latter, nothing.  Its principal opponent, the Pakistan Army, is a highly Islamicised military which uses terror as a weapon of state.  Is there any matching military and spiritual doctrine to provide sustenance for an avowedly secular Indian Army, now mired in moral distress as well?  In the 64th year of the nation's Independence, the modern Indian Army must introspect deeply upon its Azad Hind Fauj heritage which stressed patriotism as a way of life, something with far more substantial foundations than the mere regimental loyalties which have served so far.  The true heritage of Netaji and the INA, which goes well beyond the mere military and into the spiritual, ethical and emotional region of military motivation, will provide succour.  The teachings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose must become required study material in its professional institutions, to motivate the Army and prepare it for the future in an increasingly turbulent environment..... 

............... GEN. SHANKAT, ROYCHOWDHURY is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament

Company Secretary__ Finance, Accounts, Acquisitions, Corporate Development Planning

In the corporate world, corporate governance is a vital aspect which determines the overall success of a business establishment. The current growth in the corporate domain has opened up new vistas and necessitated the introduction of a whole new range of economic activities. This has led to various amendments and notifications incorporating various rules and regulations which lie within the professional ambit of a Company Secretary (CS). This also has resulted in a greater demand for Company Secretaries.

***

Thus, the profession is highly respected as well as lucrative. It has vast opportunities for expansion, especially after the legal requirement notified by Government that every company having a paid-up share capital of not less than Rs. 50 lakh must appoint a Company Secretary and the number of such companies is rising fast. Also, all companies seeking listing on stock exchange are required to have a whole-time qualified Company Secretary. Now even many small companies are engaging Company Secretaries in their own interest.

***

Company Secretaryship has become by far one of the most prestigious and powerful professions in the context of increasing professionalisation of corporate managements. A company Secretary is a vital link between the shareholders, the company, the Board of Directors and the Government and as such he holds a pivotal position in a company. With emphasis on self regulation in the present day liberalised regimes, the role of Company Secretary has assumed greater importance. Apart from various functions in finance, accounts, legal, administrative and personnel areas hitherto tried out Company Secretaries are now also called upon to act as corporate development planners, besides arranging foreign collaborations, acquisitions, takeovers, etc., as also winding up of companies, sick or otherwise, in addition to discharging their own secretarial duties, There is a vast scope for specialisation in Company Secretaryship in view of shortage of skilled professionals in areas like Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI), labour, banking and taxation. Further, before any merger takes place, the company has to go through a 'due diligence' process. This process involves a thorough assessment of the state of the company and a CS is the most appropriately qualified professional to carrfy out such a function for the corporates and consultants. Another area which is gaining currency these days is the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), which falls within the area of expertise of a Company Secretary.

***

Eligibility...

To be eligible for appearing in the Foundation or the Intermediate Course, you must register with the ICSI at least eight months in adgvance for the CS course. Admission to the course is open throughout the year. Examinations are held twice a year (JUNE & DECEMBER). There are more than 50 exams centres spread across the country. The overseas centre is located in Dubai. To qualify as a CS you have to clear five papers in foundation exam, eight in intermediate and nine in final examination.

***

Courses...

In keeping with the changing patterns of the world economy and business, the curriculum of the CS program has been revised recently. The new look syllabus includes topics like English, Business Communication, Basic Economics and Business Environment, Financial Accounting, General and Commercial Law, Company Accounts, Cost and Management Accounting, Company Law, Management, Information Systems and Corporate Communications, Company Secretarial Practice relating to economic laws and drafting, Corporate Restructuring--law and practice, Banking and Insurance--law and practice, World Trade Organisation--International Trade, Joint Ventures and Foreign Collaborations, Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations.

***

The ICSI offers Foundation Course for 10+2 passed candidates.Its aim is to enable 10+2 pass candidates aspiring to take up Company Secretary profession as their air in life. Only such candidates who have got themselves registered with ICSI and have satisfactorily completed the compulsory postal ICSI coaching through distance education are eligible to appear in this course. In addition to this, the students have the option to attend coaching classes organised by ICSI through its officers all over India. A student has to successfully complete postal or oral coaching to be eligible for admission to Foundation Course as prescribed under the Company Secretary Regulations 1982. The ICSI, headquartered at New Delhi, has 4 Regional Offices at Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai as also 37 chapters located in various cities in India.

***

The 8-month Foundation Course, aimed at attracting talented students to the profession at an early stage, is open for 10+2 pass students from any stream, viz., Humanities/Science/Commerce excluding Fine Arts. There is no minimum percentage of marks. Admission to the course is open throughout the year and examinations are held in June & December. The Subjects of Foundation Course are :

1) Business Economics & Business Environment,

2) Financial Accounting,

3) Information System and Quantitative Techniques,

4) Elements of Business Laws & Management, and of course

5) English & Business Communication.

***

A minimum of 40% marks in each subject and an aggregate of 50% in all subjects in one sitting is must for qualifying in the exam. the medium of writing the exam is either English or Hindi. However, the ICSI provides study material for postal coaching in English only.

***

After clearing the Foundation Course, the candidate can take the Intermediate and later, Final examination of Company Secretaryship. Graduates in any discipline (other than from Fine Arts) are exempted from taking Foundation Course and can seek direct admission to Intermediate Course.

***

PROSPECTS...

The placement of its successfull students is facilitated by ICSI. A meritorious student of CS, now-a-days starts with a monthly salary of Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 25,000. Generally speaking, one can get at least Rs. 10,000 per month. But in the first five years, a CS should not really focus on salary but try to develop a good work profile.

***

INSTITUTES

HEAD OFFICE:

The Institute of Company Secretaries of India..

ICSI House, 22, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003.

Website - http://www.icsi.edu/

The Institute has four Regional Councils located in Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western regions each having several chapters under its jurisdiction.

***

EASTERN REGION

ICSI-EIRC House, 3-A, Ahiripukur, 1st Lane, Near Beck Nursing Home, Kolkata-700019

***

Chapters under Eastern Region, BHUBANESWAR

Plot No. 676 (Near Maharishi College of National Law), Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar-751007.

***

GUWAHATI (NORTH EAST)

"Satyadip", Dr. S.K. Bhuyan Road, Dighalipukhuri East, Guwahati-781001

***

JAMSHEDPUR

C/o Tata Yodogawa Ltd.,

XLRI Campus, Circuit House Area (E), Jamshedpur-831001.

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PATNA

H/o Shri Gopal Prasad Singh, Rajapurpul, Near River View Petrol Pump, Dujra, Patna-8000001.

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RANCHI

445, Pee Pee Compound, Ranchi-834001

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Northern Region

ICSI-NIRC BUILDING, Plot No. 4, Prasad Nagar Institutional Area, Rajendra Place, New Delhi-110005

***

Chapters under Northern Region

***

AGRA

B-623, Kamla Nagar, Agra-282004

***

AJMER (SATELLITE)

381, Naya Bazar, Ajmer-305001

***

ALLAHABAD (SATELLITE)

53 F, Meerapur, Allahabad-211003

***

AMRITSAR (SATELLITE)

Share Plaza, 3, MM Malaviya Road, Near Adarsh Cinema, Amritsar.

***

BAREILLY (SATELLITE)

C-59, Butler Plaza, Civil Lines, Bareilly.

***

BEAWAR (SATELLITE)

Hotel Vikrant, Near Old Bus Stand, Sampurnanand Marg, Beawar-305901.

***

BHILWARA (SATELLITE)

10/54, Amar Bhawan, Punjabi Gali, Bhopal Ganj, Bilwara-311001.

***

CHANDIGARH

GGDSD College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh.

***

DEHRADUN (SATELLITE)

12 Dronpuri, General Mahadev, Singh Road, Dehradun-248001.

***

FARIDABAD

948, Sector-16, Faridabad-121007.

***

GAZIABADC

B-23, Nehru Apartment, Nehru Nagar, Near Nasirpur Railway Crossing, Ghaziabad-201001

***

GURGAON

C/o Alpine Convent School, Behind Government Girls College, Sector 15, Part II Gurgaon-122001.

***

JAIPUR

ICSI House, A-5/A Institutional Area, Jhalana Doongri, Jaipur-302004.

***

JALANDHAR (SATELLITE)

Raj Chambers, Hind Samachar Street, Jalandhar.

***

JAMMU (SATELLITE)

204, 2nd Floor, 204, South Block, Rail Head Complex, Jammu.

***

JODHPUR (SATELLITE)

C/o SS Surana & Co., Rai Bahadur Plaza, Jodhpur-342001.

***

KANPUR

118/90 "Gumti Plaza", Kanpur-208012.

***

KARNAL-PANIPAT (SATELLITE)

7, Ibrahim Mandi, Near Liberty, Karnal-132001.

***

LUCKNOW

C/o Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Near Meena Market, A Block, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-226016.

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LUDHIANA

SCO-11B, 2nd Floor, Gurudwara, Shaheedan Pheruman, G T Road, Near Dholewal Chowk, Ludiana-141003.

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MEERUT

111, Hari Priya Shivaji Road, Meerut-250001.

***

MODINAGAR

Above Lords Tailor, Ist Floor, Gurudwara Road, Near Janata Band, Modinagar-201204.

***

NOIDA

C-262 Salora Vihar, Plot No. C 58/12, Sector 62, Noida-201301

***

SHIMLA

C/o Shri PSR Murthy, Company Secretary, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd., HIMFED Building, New Shimla-171009.

***

UDAIPUR

C/o Company Secretary, Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Yashad Bhawan, Udaipur-313003.

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VARANASI (SATELLITE)

C/o Sushil Kumar Kandoi, F Block, 2nd Floor, Gurukripa Colony, Nadesar, Varanasi-221002.

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YAMUNA NAGAR (SATELLITE)

368/14, Gopindpuri Road, Professor Colony, Yamuna Nagar-135001

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Southern Region..

ICSI-SIRC House, Old No. 4, New No. 9, Wheat Crofts Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai-600034.

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Chapters under Southern Region

BANGALORE

Sheriff Chamber, III Floor, Rear Block, 14 Cunningham Road, Bengaluru

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CALICUT (SATELLITE)

Ist Floor, 'SHANTH', Wayanad Road, Calicut-673001.

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KOCHI

Door No. 25, Mather Square, 2nd Floor, (opp. North Railway Station), Kochi-682018.

***

COIMBATORE

217, New Scheme Road, Pappananickenpalayam, Coimbatore-641037.

***

HUBLI-DHARWAD (SATELLITE)

No. 10, First Floor, Maruthi Complex, Line Bazar, Dharwad-580001.

***

HYDERABAD

(An ISO 9001:2000 Chapter), D.No. 6-3-609/5, Anand Nagar, Khairatabad, Hyderabad-500004.

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KOTTAYAM (SATELLITE)

Bldg No. XI/333, Pattaseril, Eranjal Road, Kottayam-686004.

***

MADURAI

IC-3, III Floor, A.R. Plaza, 16/17 North Veli Street, Madurai.

***

MANGALORE

Grace Towers, II Floor, Bejai, Mangalore-575004.

***

MYSORE

Behind Swami Vivekananda Hall, Mahajana Pre-University College Premises, Jayalakshmipuram, Mysore.

***

PONDICHERRY

No.5, II Main Road, 5th Cross, Rajaji Nagar, Lawspet, Puducherry.

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SALEM (SATELLITE)

62 Vaniga Valagam, Salem Corporation, Salem-636004.

***

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

Utsavamadom Buildings Fort, Thiruvananthapuram-695023.

***

THRISSUR (SATELLITE)

Revathi Complex, 2nd Floor, Civil Lines Road, West Fort, Pithole P.O., Thrissur-680004.

***

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

34A, Promenade Road, Cantonment, Tiruchirapalli-620001.

***

VIJAYAWADA (SATELLITE)

ICWAI Bhawan, D.No. 58-6-14, Karanamgari Street, Patamata, Vijayawada-520010.

***

VISAKAPATNAM

48-3-3, 1st Floor, Street of BVK College, Srinagar, Visakhapatnam-530016.

***

Western Region

ICSI-WIRC House, 13 Jolly Maker Chambers, No. II (Ist Floor), Nariman Point, Mumbai-400021.

***

Chapters under Western Region

AHMEDABAD ICSI

Maneklal Mills Complex, S-2, B Tower Chinubhai Towers, Opp. Handloom House, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380009.

***

AURANGABAD (SATELLITE)

C/o Nilayam 29, Vishvakarma Coop. Hsg. Society, CIDCO, N-8, E-Sector, Aurangabad-431003.

***

BHOPAL

148, 2nd Floor, Anchor Manson, M P Nagar Zone-II, Bhopal-462011.

***

DOMBIVLI

Satchidanand Society (Ground Floor), Tilak Road, Near Old Post Office, Dombivli (East)-421201.

***

GOA

"Indraprastha" (6th Floor), Menezes Braganza Road, Panjim-403001.

***

GWALIOR (SATELLITE)

1st Floor, Govind Kunj, Sanjay Complex, Jayendra Ganj, Gwalior-474009.

***

INDORE

B/1-2-2 Ashray Apartment, 2/1 Manoramganj, Indore-452001.

***

NAGPUR

276 Crystal Plaza, Central Bazar Road, Ramdaspeth Lokmat Square, Nagpur-440010.

***

NASHIK (SATELLITE)

2nd Floor, Prasanna Archade, Old Agra Road, Nashik-422002.

***

NAVI MUMBAI

Sai Chambers, 20/3rd Floor, Sec-11, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400614.

***

PUNE

23 Mukund Nagar, Corner of Lane No. 1, Above Dr Joshi Hospital, Gupte Market, Pune-411037.

***

RAIPUR

C/o Agrawal Mahendra & Co., 224 Rishabh Complex, M G Road, Raipur-492001.

***

RAJKOT

513, Star Plaza, Opp. Hotel Ravi Phulchhab Chowk, Rajkot-360001.

***

SURAT

B-209, Tirupati Plaza, Near Collectors Office, Athwagate, Surat-395001.

***

THANE

Building No. 41 A, Flat No 1, Brindavan, Vaishali CHSL, Brindavan Society, Thane (W)-400061.

***

VADODARA

Office No.1 (2nd Floor), Stop-N-Shop Plaza, Offtel Tower-II, R C Dutt Road, Vadodara-390007.

***

CENTRE FOR CORPORATE RESEARCH & TRAINING (CCRT)

Plot No. 101, Sector 15, Institutional Area, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400614.

*****

Forensic Sciences__Dr. Vibha Gupta

The forensic sciences can be defined as the application of science to the law. These help in establishing a link between the criminal and the crime by analysing the physical evidence obtained from the scene of the crime.

The Work

Forensic experts are involved in all aspects of criminal cases, their goal is to use all available evidence/information to determine the facts and, subsequently, the truth. Such evidence commonly includes blood and other body fluids, hairs, textile fibres from clothing etc, materials used in buildings such as paint and glass, footwear, tool and tyre marks, flammable substances used to start fires and so on. Sometimes the scientist will visit the scene itself to advise about likely sequence of events, any indicators as to who the perpetrator might be, and to join in the initial search for evidence.

Other forensic scintists may analyse suspected drugs of abuse, specimens from people thought to have taken them or to have been driving after drinking too much alcohol, or to have been poisoned. Yet other specialise in firearms, explosives, or documents whose authenticity is questioned.

Sometimes, these scientists are required to attend court to give their evidence in person. They can appear for either side criminal matters, and plaintiff or defendant in civil ones. They tend to present their findings and opinions in written from either as formal statements of evidence or reports.

Getting In

Most forensic science lab positions require at least a Bachelor's degree in physical science. But in order to become a forensic scientist one requires a postgraduation supplemented with further education. Eligibility for M.Sc. in Forensic Science is a graduate degree in science with physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry, or Applied Sciences.

Key Skills

* An inquisitive nature and a concern for accuracy

* Strong analytical skills

* Keen observation and an eye for detail

* Logical bent of mind

* Good communication skills in order to give comprehensible testimonies in court.

Where to Study?

* University of Delhi, Delhi (http://www.du.ac.in/)

* Anna University, Chennai (http://www.annauniv.edu/)

* University of Madras, Chennai (http://www.unom.ac.in/)

* Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (http://www.bhu.ac.in/)

* Forensic House, Chennai (www.tn.gov.in/tamilforensic/default.htm)

* Karnataka University, Dharwar (http://www.kud.emet.in/)

* Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai (http://www.tiss.edu/)

* University of Lucknow, Lucknow (http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/)

* Panjab University, Chandigarh (http://www.puchd.ac.in/)

* Central Forensic Science Laboratory at Hyderabad, Chandigarh and Kolkata (www.cbi.gov.in/cfsl/about.htm)

* LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Delhi (http://www.nicfs.nic.in/)

* Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu (http://www.msuniversitytvl.net/)

Remuneration

Forensic scientists with postgraduation start with a salary of Rs. 10,000-15,000 depending on the nature of the organisation. Private forensic laboratories offer lucrative pay packages to scientists with a few years of experience behind them. A freelancer in the field can charge according to requirements of the individual case.

Prospects

Forensic scientists work in the district forensic laboratories, courts, prisons, CBI, police, detective and security agencies and law firms. After a few years of experience they can also set up their own forensic laboratories.

Due to the sharp rise in the incidence of crime and fraud, there is an acute shortage of forensic scientists in the country. The prospects for forensic scientists are increasing in the private sector too. Corporate houses are likely to hire forensic experts in a big way in future owing to the growing incidence of white-collar crimes, frauds and scams.

_______________ Wisdom

Civil Services Main Exam_Public Administration--By V.P. GUPTA, Director, RAU's IAS Study Circle, New Delhi

PAPER-WISE ACTION PLAN
***
***

Paper I starts with the meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration along with topics on evolution and various approaches. It is of great importance that the candidate should grasp the 'Meaning' of Public Administration in terms of its various dimensions. The various approaches and stages of evolution should be studied in detail and for overall comprehension as this unit provides the framework to Public Administration in terms of syllabus and as a discipline.

***

The candidate should write summary of each sub-unit along with (P.T.R.) Points to remember. As the questions asked are generally opinion-based and are not very objective in nature it is important for the candidate to understand the concepts to such an extent that he can articulate well on the issues.

***

The unit on Principles and Theories of Organization should be clubbed with the Unit on Administrative Behaviour. Both of the units are drawn from management and books especially related to that are very useful. This units are very important as the organization used for any administration and the various practices come from this knowledge only.

***

The sub-units provide a conceptual framwork of the organization and its functioning. Candidates should give sufficient emphasis to the various theories mentioned and also on various management techniques. The study of Administrative Behavious should be done for understanding the various aspects, approaches and applications to various issues of Indian Administration. For instance a question on motivation or leadership theory can always be linked with Civil Services in India or development administration in India etc.

***

This section also includes typologies of executive and types of organizations available with the executive. This is an area where a footing polity helps, as the candidate should have an understanding of various typologies, e.g. Presidential/Parliamentary form of the Government. The merits and limitations of both should be studied on comparative basis. Similarity, in the case of types of organizations a candidate should be ready with purpose, advantages and limitations of different forms of organizations, viz., department, corporation, coulcil etc. Here the candidate should definitely give illustrations from the Indian Administration. Further while studying this unit a candidate should also go through central administration in India covered in Paper II, Section A.

***

Unit on Accountability & Control has to be seen in the context of conceptual and philosophical premises of accountability. The candidate should appreciate the significance of accountability especially when you are operating in the public settings. Various controls should be studied with reference to Indian Administration though some references from administration in the USA, UK and France may also be useful. Further, an understanding of citizens' role and relationship with administration will be very useful. As the nature of questions asked is more and more pragmatic, very high probability is there that the citizen's role under this unit or in some other unit is discussed.

***

Adminstrative Law is a very useful unit for the purpose of Main Exam as here more or less the questions can have standard answers. So it is very helpful to prepare standard notes on rationale of Administrative Law vis-a-vis Rules of Law. The candidate should be very clear in terms of bringing its relevance to the surface. Delegated Legislation and Administrative Adjudication similarly should be prepared with notes in terms of rationale, limitations and safeguards. Referrence to the Indian Administration is a must here.

***

In the next section of this paper the candidate should be well aware of concepts underlying Administrative Reforms and Organisation and Methods. The candidate should reforms and also of the various committees that have been set up in India in this regard. Though majorly the focus should be on post-Independence measures, an awareness of pre-Independence in some cases may be helpful. The concept of O & M and its status in the country should be understood. On the O & M section a technical question may also be asked.

***

Units on Comparative Administration should be clubbed with Development Administration. Riggs should be studied comprehensively for both of the units. Development Administration apart from the philosophical basis should be seen in Indian context only.

***

Candidate should develop an appreciation of significance of CPA (Comparative Public Administration) as well as of Development Administration. In development administration students should specifically understand the concept of 'Change' and the problems in case of India related to change management.

***

Public Policy in terms of Mains is a rewarding unit. It should be seen in terms of various public models and in terms of its various constituents. Indian context is must while answering this unit.

***

Personnel Administration has lot of conceptual background in respect of Personnel Management. A book on the same will be helpful. It is important that this unit is clubbed with Paper II Unit 'Civil Services in India'.....

Ansal Institute of Higher Education (AIHE)

Ansal Institute of Higher Education (AIHE), a premier institute in international Collaborative. Education (under transfer of credits system), now gives access to over a million dollars in scholarships for UG and PG degrees from reputed universities in the US, UK, Canada and Australia.

Ansal Insitute breaks through the present day academic clutter to provide a realistic roadmap for a successful professional career comprising of a Bachelor's degree, Master's degree and an appropriate paid internship.

Situated in Gurgaon__a hot spot of global MNCs, Ansal Institute offers affordable and world-class professional education. Students who successfully complete Ansal Institute's broad-based 6-semester Advanced Diploma course work (similar to that followed in the IITs) are eligible to transfer their credits into fulltime degree programs of reputed and accredited US universities (that have scrutinized and approved Ansal Institute's syllabi for equivalence), which include:

Clemson University, USA__ Ranked 35th by US News and World Report and mentions it as the "Top Public University"

North Dakota State University, USA__Ranked 4th among the US public colleges and universities by US Consumer Digest, for offering most academic value per dollar

Tarleton State University, USA__Member of the prestigious Texas A & M University System

Coastal Carolina University, USA__an accredited US university

At the undergraduate level, for a 8-semester coveted US degree, Ansal Institute's Advanced Diploma covers 6-semesters (under transfer of credits arrangement) which is completed in 2 years by doing additonal two summer terms; only the final year is required to be done in the US university campus for their coveted 4-year degree, with the provision of substantial scholarships awarded by the US University for meritorious students from Ansal Institute. After the degree completion, students are legally allowed to work full time in the US for one year.

During the past three years, over 150 students have taken transfer to reputed foreign universities through Ansal Institute's unique programs. While some of these students are working, others are pursuing higher studies with scholarships/assistantships in the top institutions like John Hopkins, Keck Graduate Institute, Vanderbilt University, University of Illionois, Asian Institute of Technology, Australian National University and Embry Riddle University.

Ansal Institute's alumni in the US have won 25 President's honor awards and 35 Dean's honor awards for their excellent academic performance. Ansal Institute is offering Undergraduate and Postgraduate programs and the disciplines covered include Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Science and Business Management.

The extraordinary track record of Ansal Institute's alumni in the US has stimulated extension of this transfer of credits arrangement with some leading overseas universities, which include San Jose State University, USA (ranked 15th in Engineering by US News and World Report), North Carolina State University, USA, University of Western Australia, Australia (belonging to the prestigious Group of 8 Australian Universities__after Ansal Institute's 2-year Diploma, students can earn dual degree UG and PG in Information and Communication Technology in 3 years in Australia as transfer students with potential of permanent residency in Australia), McMaster University (called MIT of Canada; considered No.1 in Canada), University of New Brunswick, Canada (among the Top 10 Canadian Universities), University fo Windsor and St. Mary's University, Canada, Deakin University, Australia, University of Plymouth, UK, University of Science and Technology at Lille, France.

Highlights of Ansal Institute's Internationa Program

* Exemption from SAT

* Accredited degree from universities in the US, Canada, Australia and UK

* 4-year overseas Undergraduate degree in 2 years and 9 months through Accelerated Progression

* Expenses reduced to about 1/5 for the coveted degree.

Ansal Institute's 14 acre campus provides state-of-the-art computer and other lab, modern networked library, internationa standard on-campus hostel separately for boys and girls, on-campus lockers, bookstore and other allied facilities for sports and transport facilities from major parts of Delhi and Gurgaon. The Institute has highly qualified and internationally acclaimed faculty with several senior members holding Ph.D. from premier institutes in India and overseas universities.

Over the years, Ansal Institute has made several innovations to improve and refine the methodology of delivery of education. Some of such improvements include: Helpdesks and Remedial courses, Regular Technology Workshops by industry experts, Centre of Excellence for hands-on experience on live projects and a strong Industry Interface with companies like Cisco, Microsoft, IBM & HP.

Ansal Institute also has an efficient training and placement cell. Its students have been successfully placed in organizations such as Wipro, Hughes Systems, Sapient, Mahindra British Telecom, IDBI, ICICI Infotech and Sahara India.

For more information ont he acamdemic programs and related topics, visit http://www.aihe.in/ or write to The Counselor, Ansal Institute of Higher Education, SEctor 55, Gurgaon, Haryana-122003. Tel: (0124) 4116414, 9871592061, 9818588029, 9810109430

Email: admissions@aitgurgaon.org, admissions@aihe.in

BIOSPHERE

The biosphere is a sphere of living organisms or biological processes lying at the interface between the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. The distinguishing feature of the biosphere is that it supports life. It is estimated that the biosphere contains more than 3,50,000 species of plants including algae, fungi, mosses and higher forms of plants, and 11 million animal species ranging from unicellular protozoa to man. The biosphere supplies the essential requisites of life for all these species, namely light, heat, water, food and living space or habitats.

The biosphere, or the eco-system, represents a stable equilibrium of various physical and biological factors which have been operating in the past. The organic continuity of the system reset on a network of interdependent relationships. The air, the water, man and the animals, plants and planktons, the soil and bacterial are all invisibly interlinked in a life-sustaining system we call the environment. All living organisms – microbes, plants, animals, man – have survived by adjusting themselves to the environment and attuning their lives to its rhythm.

Sharing the Earth

We share the planet with trees, flowers, insects, fish, whales, dogs, and many other plants and animals. Each species of animals or plants has its place on Earth, and each one is dependant on other. Plants give off oxygen that animal need to breathe. Animals pollinate plants and spread their seeds. Animals eat plants and are in turn eaten by larger animals. When plants and animals die, they become part of the soil in which new plants take root and grow.

People and the Environment

Now the human population is 6.4 billion and still rising very fast. By 2050, according to UN estimates, there will be 8.9 billion people on the planet. Remember in 1850, there were just a billion people here.

This many people and their activities on the planet are seriously affecting the plants and animals of the world. Sometimes the damage can be controlled or even reversed but most of the time the damage is permanent. Today 1932 species of animals are endangered or threatened, according to WWF.

Habitats and some animals: Deserts: (hot/cold dry regions) – camels, kangaroos, mice, scorpions, rattle snakes * Tropical Forests: (warm, humid climate) – orangutans, gibbons, leopards, anteaters, parrots, deer * Grasslands: (flat, open lands) – African elephants, Kangaroos, Indian rhinoceros, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, tigers, deer *Mountains: high lands – yaks, snow leopards, eagles, mountain goats * Polar Regions: (cold regions) – polar bears, musk oxens, penguins * Oceans: sea – whales, dolphins, seals, octopuses, lobsters.

How do animals and plants become endangered?

Change of Climate: When the climate changes drastically, say, major rise/fall in temperature, rain, etc *Habitat Destruction: Exploitive human activities destroy homes of both plants and animals, Eg. – construction of dams, land reclamation for construction purposes of a wetland, polluting factory near forst, etc *Over Hunting: Hunting for food in a large scale or fun destroy their population.

Some Endangered Animals

Giant Panda: Habitat-china. As few as 1000 Pandas remain in the mountains of southwest China *Leather-back Sea Turtle: Habitat-. It is the largest living turtle living in the world. Habitat destruction, fishing nets, harvesting of its eggs are the biggest threats to their survival *California Condor: Habitat – N. America. There are just 60 of them alive in the wild. Of which half live in the State of Arizona, USA * Whooping Crane: Habitat-North America. In 2003, 15 whooping cranes migrated back north on their own for summer.

Biodiversity

Our planet is shared by 6.4 billion people and millions of species. The wide variety of life on Earth, as shown by the many species, is called biodiversity. Here is a sample of Earth's biodiversity. (The figures are estimates as new species are discovered all the time) Species; Mammal - 9000 (rodents 1700, bats 1000); Birds - 9000; Reptiles - 8000 (snakes 2900, lizards 4500); Amphibians - 5000 (frogs/toads 4500); Fish - 24,500 (sharks 350, bony fish 23000, rays & skates 450); Arthopods - 1.1 millions (crustaceans 44000, insects 750000, spiders 35,000); Plants - 260000 (flowering plants 2,50,000, evergreens 550).

Today, biosphere has become the focus of problems faced by mankind. Replacement of the communities of nature by man-made communities has become the new reality. However, the principles that govern the life of natural communities have to be observed if these man-made communities are to thrive. People must think less about conquering nature and more about learning to work with nature. To safeguard life on Earth, people must learn to control and adjust the balances in nature that are altered by their activities.

Earth Day

April 22nd is a day dedicated not just to recognise the beauty and riches of the Earth but also to make the Earth a healthier and safer place to live. Speeches, workshops, parades and demonstrations on the occasion of Earth Day have brought awareness about the dangers of overpopulation, energy waste, and other issues of vital concern. Earth Day was first observed on April 22, 1970 with the message "Give Earth a Chance" and intention to reclaiming the purity of the air, water and living environment.

World Environment Day

The UN General Assembly designated June 5 as World Environment Day, to deepen public awareness the need to preserve and enhance the environment. It was on that day the UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972) started. The Assembly reconvened United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) after 20 years, in Rio de Janeiro, where nations took up the challenges of a viable and equitable balance between environment and development and sustainable future for the earth and its people.

Some International Agreements that help Conserve Birds:

Ramsar Convention of Wetlands (1971) Nearlyt 1,200 wetland sites in 133 countries, totaling 103 million hectares, have been designated for protection and monitoring under this international agreement to conserve wetland and use them sustainably * Program on Man and the Biosphere and World Heritage Convention (1972) Under UNESCO, these initiatives set frame work for designating, protecting and monitoring some of the world's most important biodiversity and cultural hotspots. As of May 2002, 94 countries had established a total of 408 biosphere reserves unde3r the Man and the Biosphere Programme * Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975) An international agreement by 160 countries to monitor international trade in wild animals and plants and ensure that trade does not put wildlife in jeopardy * Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1983) Eighty countries have signed this agreement, also known as the Bonn Convention, to protect migratory wildlife species, including birds, throughout their international migratory, brreding, and wintering areas * Convention on Biodiversity (1992) A total of 185 countries have signed on to this agreement, which was introduced at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. Signatories promise to set up for protecting their biodiversity including habitat protection and restoration. Fewer than 40 have drawn up formal plans so far.

Water Resources Day

World Water Resources Day is celebrated every year on 22nd March with a specific theme. The theme of 2004, was 'Efficiency of Water Resources System' with sub-themes on critical review of current level of efficiency and measures for improving efficiency of water resources systems. The 2004 Water Resources Day-function organised by the Central Water Commission (CWC) highlighted the judicious utilisation of the available water resources in the country and the need to conserve these resources to the optimum.

The average run-off in the river system of the country has been assessed as 1869 cubic kilometers. Of this, the utilisable portion by conventional storage and diversion is estimated as about 690 cubic kilometers. In addition, the replenishable ground water potential is estimated to be 432 cubic kilometers. The per capita availability of water at national level has reduced from about 5177 cubic meters in 1951 to the estimated level of 1869 cubic meters in 2001. The availability of water resources on an annual basis is almost fixed whereas the demands from various sectors are gradually increasing. As a result, the per capita availability of freshwater is continuously decreasing with increase in population and it is gradually reaching a critical level. Therefore, some steps needs to be adopted as measures for conservations and improving the water use efficiency and economy in water use. There is also a need to check avoidable losses in domestic water supply systems and adoption of water efficient irrigation methods. Water scarcity at a wider scale demands greater efforts on re-use and recycling of water.

The irrigation sector is the main consumer of the water in the country but the efficiency is only in the range of 30 to 40% which is very low. Even 10 to 15 % rise would result saving of a susbtantial quantity of water which can be utilised by others.

List of Environmental Organisations.

This is a list of few environmental organisations that preserve or monitor the environment in different ways. Environmental organisations can be global, regional, national or local; they can be government-run or private.

Inter governmental Organisations

Internation organisations and bodies established under international organisations to protect the environment: *European Environment Agency (EEA) * Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) * UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme))

Government Organisations

The Governments of all developed countries today have government departments or agencies devoted to monitoring and protecting the environment. eg. *The EPA (US).

Private Organisations (Environmental NGOs)

These organisations are involved in lobbying, advocacy, or conservation efforts: International * The Center for International Environmental Law * Earth Charter Organisation * Earth Liberation Front * Environmental Law Association World wide * Foundation for Environmental Education * Friends of the Earth * Green Cross International * Greenpeace * The Nature Conservancy * World Business Council for Sustanable Development * Worldwatch Institute * World Wildlife Fund * North American Pollinator Protection Campaign * The Xerces Society. INDIA * INTACH

What is What-136*

1. Acupuncture: A Chinese system of needle cure developed around 2700 B.C. It specifies 365 spots in the human body and treatment is done by inserting needles in these spots.

2. Adult Franchise (Universal): The Principle of giving the right to vote to all adult citizens of a state irrespective of their caste, creed, colour, religion, sex etc.,

3. Aestheticism: A movement in art and literature which gives precedence to aesthetic values over moral and other values of life.

4. Afrocentrism: Movement of American Blacks Projecting racial superiority of the Blacks over the Whites.

5. Amish: A Christian group characterised by its rejection of modern and urban ways of life.

6. Amnesia: Loss of memory through shock or brain damage.

7. Anarchism: Anarchism is a political theory which denounces authority as harmful and government as an unnecessary evil; a state of lawlessness.

8. Anglicanism: A Christian denominational creed under the Church of England with Archbishop of Canterbury as its titular head.

9. Anorexia: Lack or loss of the desire to eat

10. Anthology: A collection of literary pieces.

11. Anthropomorphism: Envisaging non-human objects, especially God as having physical and mental characteristics like those of human beings.

12. Anti-hero: A literary character with dominanat negative qualities.

13. Apartheid: The policy of racial segregation practiced in South Africa till the 1990’s.

14. Armageddon: As per the Bible, the site of the final battle between the nations that will end the world.

15. Atavism: Theory according to which the characteristics of a remote ancestor can reappear in a person or plant after several intervening years.

16. Arbitration: Referring a dispute to a third, unbiased party for settlement.

17. Atheism: The belief that God as a separate entity does not exist.

18. Autarky: “Fortress policy” followed by states to achieve economic self sufficiency.

19. Autocracy: A form of govt. in which one person holds absolute power with uncontrolled and undisputed authority.

20. Avant Garde: Literally advance group or movement that is innovative and marks a departure from existing norms.

21. Balance of Payments: An account of a country’s debit and credit transactions with other countries.

22. Balance of Power: A foreign policy principle according to which alliances are formed to prevent one nation becoming overwhelmingly powerful in any one part of the world.

23. Ballet: A European theatrical dance form with its own characteristic techniques like leaps and pirouetting on toes.

24. Bankruptcy: A legal process by which the assets of an insolvent-debtor is taken away under a court order and divided fairly among the creditors.

25. Beatles: A music group comprising four British boys, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, that became a 20th century phenomenon by leading a pop revolution across the world.

26. Bench Marking: It is a management methodology based on the principle that an efficient practice in one industry should be applicable to other industries.

27. Bicameral System: The system in which legislature is divided into two houses.

28. Big Brother: Derisive term for the oppressor in a Communist state-phrase popularised by George Orwell.

29. Biomass: The total mass of living organisms present in a given area.

30. Black hole: Object in space whose gravity is so great that nothing can escape from it, not even light.

31. Bolshevism: Communist doctrine as adapted by Lenin for practical application in Russia.

32. Bonapartism: Political system of military dictatorship by an individual, ostensibly based on popular appeal, with frequent use of plebiscite.

33. Boxer Rebellion: A peasant uprising in China in the beginning of 20th c. against European encroachments and Christian missionaries.

34. Braille: A coded system of raised dots used by the blind to write and read.

35. Brainwashing: The technique of changing a person’s ideas, beliefs and attitudes by force, ranging from physical torture to psychological pressure.

36. Bretton Woods System: Arrangements to govern post-war monetary and financial relations among nations (1944).

37. Burlesque: A stage show or literary work that ridicules the serious or the trivial using exaggerated comic imitation.

38. Calvinism: Ethical code whose basic tenet is that all people are born sinful and only a few selected by God can hope to attain salvation.

39. Cannibalism: The practice of eating human flesh

40. Canonisation: Declaring a deceased person to be a saint.

41. Cantonment: Townships established by the British for the welfare of armed forces personnel and their families.

42. Capitalism: An economic system that promotes free enterprise or accumulation and investment of wealth by private individual/institutions for profit.

43. Capitation Fee: Money arbitrarily collected by professional colleges and self financing educational institutions for admitting students to their courses.

44. Cartel: A group of firms that agree to manipulate the production and sale of a product with a view to making undue profits for themselves.

45. Castroism: The ideas and policies of Fidel Castro along with Che Guevara in Cuba.

46. Catastrophism: The geological doctrine that repeated catastrophic revolutions account for the features of the earth and the many forms of life on it.

47. Catchment Area: Area from which water is collected by a river and its tributaries.

48. Catharsis: Emotional purging and purification brought about by the experience of pity and fear.

49. Chaos theory: Branch of mathematics which attempts to describe chaotic systems whose behaviour is difficult to predict.

50. Charisma: Marked personal charm or magnetism.

51. Chauvinism: Fanatical Nationalism. Male chauvinism is male bias against females as a class.

52. Chequebook Journalism: The practice of offering big money to dubious characters for the juicy stories they like to reveal of celebrities.

53. Christian Science: An American religious cult believing in the spiritual healing of the sick by changing and correcting the thoughts of the patients.

54. Christian Socialism: A doctrine that sought to counteract the evils of industrial capitalism through the means of Christian ethics.

55. Circumambulation: Ceremonial walking around an object as a religious rite or belief.

56. Coloning: Asexual reproduction of an organism genetically identical to the parent.

57. Cockroach Factor: A term used to denote high degree of environmental adaptability and survival.

58. Cold War: The intensely hostile but non shooting competition and rivalry between the US and USSR after WWII.

59. Collectivism: Direct participation by the state in a country’s economic activities for the common interest and good of all

60. Colonialism: Forceful subjugation of one country by another.

61. Comintern: Communist International, an organisation of communist parties set up by Lenin in 1919.

62. Communism: A social system in which property is owned by the people with everyone giving according to his ability and taking according to his needs.

63. Confucianism: Ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius (Kond-fu-zi) emphasising personal virtue, devotion to family and justice.

64. Conservatism: Conservatism gives importance and value to tradition and status quo over change.

65. Consumer Price Index: Index of the cost of goods and services, needed for an average standard of living.

66. Coup d’etat: Forcible takeover of the government of a country by elements from within that country.

67. Cruise Missile: A strategic missile capable of propelling itself and carrying warheads. They fly close to the ground evading radar detection.

68. Crusade: Religious war in Europe against non-Christians and heretics, sanctioned by the Pope. In particular it was a series of wars (1096-1291) by the European rules to recapture Palestine from the Muslims.

69. Cubism: Movement in modern art which grew out of artists desire to go beyond naturalism. Cubists dissected their subjects into geometric shapes and assembled them with a deliberate avoidance of perspective.

70. Cultural Revolution: A socio-political movement in China during Mao Zedong’s ruleaimed at overthrowing entrenched bureaucracy and rekindling revolutionary fervour and ideas.

71. Culture Shock: The psychological reaction following sudden exposure to an alien cultural environment.

72. Dadaism: Art movement after WWI. A protest against conventional art, it was basically nihilistic and had no formal style of its own.

73. Dalit: A generic term denoting the backward and oppressed classes coming in the official category of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Dalit Panthers, a militant organisation of “untouchables” formed in Bombay in 1970’s.

74. Dementia: Degenerative mental disorder affecting memory, intelligence and orientation.

75. Devaluation: The deliberate diminishing of the exchange value of a country’s currency

76. Dollar Diplomacy: The US policy of using its economic political and military strengths to promote its national interest at the expense of other countries.

77. Down’s Syndrome: A congenital condition that causes mental deficiency and physical malformations.

78. Dyslexia: A neurological disorder that adversely affect children’s ability to read, write and form words.

79. Econometrics: Mathematical and statistical analysis of economic issues.

80. Ecumenism: A movement for unity among Christian churches.

81. Ego: The Latin word of “I” meaning the self. It is one’s perception of oneself.

82. Electra Complex: The sexually coloured feelings of a daughter towards her father and jealousy towards her mother.

83. Elitism: The theory that ll political systems in effect are governed by a minority of influential and dominant people called the ‘elite’.

84. Ergonomics: The study of the application of biology and engineering to the relationship between workers and their environment (bio-technology).

85. ESP (Extra Sensory Perception): Awareness or knowledge obtained without the use of normal senses.

86. Esperanto: An artificial language developed by Russian physician Louis Zamenhof in 1887.

87. Epicureanism: Ethical philosophy developed in ancient Grece by Epicurus. The goal of life is happiness which can be attained only through please and avoiding pain.

88. Ethnic Cleansing: A policy of genocide adopted by Serbia to drive Croats and Muslims out of Bosnia-Herzegovina as Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1992.

89. Ethnicity: People’s own sense of cultural identity.

90. Ethnocentrism: A anthropological term to describe a group’s belief that its own way of life is superior to that of others.

91. Ethnology: Study of contemporary peoples focussing on their geography and culture.

92. Ethology: Comparative study of animal behaviour in its natural setting .

93. Thymology: Study of the origin and history of words.

94. Egenics: The science of improving the hereditary qualities through controlled reproduction.

95. Eurocentrism: The assumption that human scientific progress is an exclusively European achievement and so western civilization is the only model for other societies to follow.

96. Existentialism: A concept according to which human being’s existence with his own will and consciousness, is independent of anything else.

97. Expressionism: A school of painting that exphasises the inner meaning of the subjects painted.

98. Extradition: Surrender, by one country to another, of a person accused of criminal offence in the country to which that person is extradited.

99. Fascism: A political ideology based on extreme right wing ideas under one party and one unquestionable leader.

100. Fascism: A political ideology based on extreme right wing ideas under one party and one unquestionable leader.

101. Fatalism: The belief that lives and events are determined by powers beyond human control.

102. Fatwa: An inviolable order issued by an islamic religious head.

103. Federalism: Governmental system in which power is constitutionally shared by central and regional authorities.

104. Feminism: Women's movement for gaining equal rights with men in social, political and economic fields.

105. Fetishism: A tribal tradition that considers people or objects as possessors of spirit and therefore worthy of worship.

106. Feudalism: A system in which landlords having vast estates or fiefdoms exercise absolute power over tenants and others living in their jurisdictions.

107. Fifth Column: Persons working secretly to subvert a government or a party or an organisation from within.

108. Final Solution: Phrase coined by Nazi Germany for the annihilation of Jews in Europe and thereby solving "the Jewish problem".

109. Folklore: The oral tradations and culture of a people, expressed in legends, riddles, songs, and proverbs.

110. Fourteen Point: US President Woodrow Wilson's proposals for peace after the WWI: free navigation in the seas, equality in trade conditions, reduction of armaments, etc.

111. Fourth Estate: The press (journalism and journalists)

112. Functionalism: How the function of an organism or structure determines its features.

113. Fundamentalism: Blind faith in the infallibility of a doctrine, usually religious, accompanied by a readiness to act in its defence and promotion

114. Futurism: An art movement which rejected the past in a sensationalist style by advocating such steps as the destruction of museums. In art futurism stressed dynamism in contrast to cubism's still life.

115. Futurology: A 20th Century discipline that seeks to interpret future trends on the basis of present happenings.

116. Gang of Four: Derisive term applied to a powerful quarter of leaders who wielded great influence in Chine during the last phase of Mao Zedong's rule. It comprised Mao's wife Chiang Ching and her three favourite proteges Wang Hungwen, Chang Chungchaiao and Yao Wenyuan.

117. Gaullism: The French nationalist philosophy as propounded by Charles de Gaulle.

118. Genetic Engineering: The science of manipulating the DNA to produce desired characteristics in progeny.

119. Genocide: The policy of systematically exterminating an ethnic group.

120. Geochemistry: The study of the substances of the earth, including the seas and the atmosphere.

121.Geopolitics: The study of the relation of politics with the realities of geography.

122. Gerontology: The scientific study of the process of ageing.

123. Gerrymandering: The rearranging of constituency boundaries to give an unfair advantage usually to the ruling party.

124. Ghazal: A short graceful lyric poem of love rendered by singers.

125. GNP: Gross National Product the total market value of goods and services produced by the economy of a country during a year.

126. Golden Handshake: A policy of voluntary retirement with attractive compensation packages devised for private and public sector companies to exclude excess or inconvenient staff.

127. Gothic: A style of architecture and art in 12th-16th c. Europe

128-Graphology: Analysing a person's psychology using his handwriting.

129-Green House Effect: The phenomenon by which solar radiation, trapped and re-emitted by the earth is prevented from espcaping by various gases in the air like Carbon Dioxide and CFC's

130-Group Theraphy: Psycho-medical treatment to a group of patients who share common ailments.

131-Guernica: A term symbolising the brutality and meaninglessness of war.

132-Gyroscope: A device that provides directional reference to vehicles and other moving objects like missiles.

133-Habeas Corpus: A legal writ issued by a court directing the production before it of the body of a detained person, usually to inquire into the legality of the detention.

134-Hacker: Slang for a computer whiz-kid who uses his skills to break unauthorisedly into computer networks.

135-Hara-kiri: Ritual belly-cutting practised by the Samurai (military) class of feudal Japan as the honourable method of suicide.

136-Hard Currency : The currency of economically strong and dominant countries that enjoy preferential demand in the foreign exchange market.